Barney Sloan, "Black Death in London"
"For centuries rats have been blamed for spreading the Black Death, helping to consign millions of people to an agonising death.
But, according to one archaeologist, the rodents are innocent. Instead, the blame for passing on the disease that wiped out a third of the population of Europe could lie with the victims themselves.
The Black Death is widely thought to have been an outbreak of bubonic plague caused by bacteria carried by fleas that lived on black rats. The rodents spread the plague from China to Europe and it hit Britain in 1348.
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Destroyer: A man carries a child suffering from the plague in 1349
However, according to historian Barney Sloane, the disease spread so quickly that the rats could not be to blame.
Dr Sloane said the increased spread of Black Death over the winter of 1348 coincided with a seasonal decrease in the number of both rats and fleas, which are susceptible to cold.
He also pointed out that rats are also killed by bubonic plague, but said there were no large deposits of rat bones from the 14th century.
The epidemic, which is reckoned to have claimed 75million lives worldwide, spread from person to person in crowded medieval cities, Dr Sloane said.
His findings even cast doubt on whether the Black Death was actually bubonic plague, and not something with similar symptoms.
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Dr Sloane, formerly a field archaeologist at the Museum of London, said: ‘We ought to be finding great heaps of dead rats in all the waterfront sites but they aren’t there.
'Rats were carriers but they also died from bubonic plague. If it had been this disease you would expect to find large deposits of 14th century rat bones. These would have survived the centuries in the timber waterfronts in the city, but we found very few bones.'
‘And all the evidence suggests the plague spread too fast for the traditional explanation.’ Dr Sloane, the author of The Black Death in London, added: ‘It was originally thought the plague arrived in England in the spring of 1348 and had spread to London by late summer.
‘My research suggests it arrived in England in autumn and had reached the capital by November.
‘Its spread accelerated over the winter. If it had been bubonic plague – which is spread by rats – we would expect the spread to slow down over winter because rats are susceptible to the cold.’
Dr Sloane said as many as two thirds of the capital’s 60,000 population died. Their symptoms included lumps under the skin, fever, coughing and vomiting of blood.
His work adds to previous research that questions whether the Black Death really was bubonic plague.
The historian said chronicles from the time pointed to a different method of transmission - person to person.
'All the evidence I've looked at suggests it had to be person to person due to the speed by which it spread,' he said.
As panic gripped the capital, the numbers of wills soared among the wealthy citizens who realised they could be next.
'We still have many of the wills of citizens who had property in London,' Dr Sloane said.
On 5 February, 1349, Johanna Elys left her property to her children Richard and Johanna. She spelled out even what pots and pans they would receive. Her husband was already dead and she died just 72 hours after making the will.
Dr Sloane said pneumonic plague could be spread from person to person, but this would first need to mutate from bubonic plague.
This suggests the Black Death was another, as yet unknown disease, that had the symptoms of swollen lumps alongside a high fever, fetid breath, coughing, vomiting of blood and foul body odour.
Dr Sloane estimates nearly half the nation's population died during the outbreaks in Edward III's reign (1312-1377), and documents some fascinating social changes.
'All of a sudden people become concerned about where they will be buried and start specifying where in the church yard they will be placed,' he said.
'This may be after witnessing relatives flung in plague pits.'
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A 15th century image showing the disease that affected all Europe: Accounts describe skin swellings, but this doesn't automatically mean it was bubonic plague
He went on: 'The people left also provide more charity and at a local level. They start giving it to their parishes rather than far away monasteries. Lepers, hermits and prisoners all receive more in bequests - perhaps in a bid to appease God.'
Dr Sloane's research builds on findings by a team led by Dr James Wood at Penn State University.
They also questioned the assumption that the Black Death was bubonic plague, as other diseases could cause swellings under the skin.
They studied bishops’ records of the replacement of priests in several English dioceses.
'These records indicate that the spread of the Black Death was more rapid than we formerly believed,' Dr Wood told the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in 2002.
'This disease appears to spread too rapidly among humans to be something that must first be established in wild rodent populations, like bubonic plague.'
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Plague: Accounts suggest the Black Death in 1348-1349 was viewed as God's punishment on the people"
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И действительно, в отношениях Испании и Англии наступил перелом. Зная историю заговора Ридольфи со стороны Англии, трудно поверить, что такой умный человек, как Филипп, клюнул на папскую приманку. Но Святейший Престол умел подавать информацию, а король был раздражен. И вот, в июле 1571 года, в Мадриде состоялось примечательное заседание, на котором присутствовали кардинал Спиноза, принц Эболи (тогда еще Рэй Гомес), дон Фердинанд Толедский (герцог Альба) и герцог Фериа. Документация того заседания сохранилась, хотя вряд ли участники предполагали, что эти документы когда-либо получат огласку. Потому что на этом заседании решался вопрос об убийстве Елизаветы Английской.
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Слизерин:
Ты очень конкурентный, любишь соревноваться.
Тебе нравятся изящные вещи.
Ты не признаешь тихую и благополучную жизнь.
Ты над кем-нибудь подшучивал или насмехался на прошлой неделе.
Тебя когда-нибудь называли снобом.
Ты считаешь, что цель оправдывает средства.
Ты не боишься сказать что-то человеку в лицо.
Ты склонен думать, что люди хоть немного, но завидуют тебе/ревнуют тебя.
Ты можешь довести человека до слез всего несколькими словами.
Тебе больше нравятся плохие персонажи в фильмах, книгах и тд.
Ты отличный оратор.
Прежде всего, ты хочешь быть успешным в жизни.
Тебе нравится зеленый цвет.
Ты любишь побеждать.
Твои любимые предметы: Зельеварение, ЗОТИ.
Итого: 10
”Inquisition as indenture held in the aforesaid county on 9 September in the second year of the reign of the most dread Lady Elizabeth, by the grace of God queen of England, France and Ireland, defender of the faith, etc., before John Pudsey, gent., a coroner of the said lady queen in the aforesaid county, on inspection of the body of Lady Amy Dudley, late wife of Robert Dudley, knight of the most noble order of the garter, there lying dead: by oath of Richard Smith, gent., Humphrey Lewis, gent., Thomas Moulder, gent., Richard Knight, Thomas Spyre, Edward Stevenson, John Stevenson, Richard Hughes, William Cantrell, William Noble, John Buck, John Keene, Henry Langley, Stephen Ruffyn, and John Sire: which certain jurors, sworn to tell the truth at our request, were adjourned fron the aforesaid ninth day onwards day by day very often; and finally various several days were given to them by the selfsame coroner to appear both before the justies of the aforesaid lady queen at the assizes assigned to be held in the aforesaid county and before the same coroner in order there to return to return their verdict truthfully and speedily, until 1 August in the third year of the reign of the said lady queen; in which day the same jurors say under oath that the aforesaid Lady Amy on 8 September in the aforesaid second year of the reign of the said lady queen, being alone in the certain chamber within the home os a certain Anthony Forster, esq., in the aforesaid Cumnor, and intending to descend the aforesaid chamber by way of certain steps of the aforesaid chamber there and then accidentally fell precipitously down the aforesaid steps to the very bottom of the same steps, through which the same Lady Amy there and then sustained not only two injuries to her head (in Englisn called dyntes) – one of which was a quarter of an inch deep and the other two inches deep – but truly also, by reason of the accidental injury or of that fall and of lady Amy’s own body weight falling down the aforesaid stairs, the same Lady Amy there and then broke her own neck, on account of which certain fracture of the neck the same lady Amy there and then died instantly; and the aforesaid Lady Amy was found there and then without any other mark or wound on her body; and thus the jurors say on their oath that the aforesaid Lady Amy in the manner and form aforesaid by misfortune came to her death and not otherwise, in so far as it is possible at present for them to agree; in testimony of which fact for this inquest both the aforesaid coroner and also the aforesaid jurors have in turn affixed their seals on the day and…”
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Грабят имущество семейства Каддафи. Тащат вино, джинсы, вообще одежду - даже детскую, даже зубную щетку с позолоченной ручкой один джигит прихватил... Говорят, что это не грабеж, а борьба с роскошью
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НАТО уже не отрицает, что воюет и отдельно, и в рядах бандитов. Страшно гордятся европейские вояки, что впервые за долгое время им дали раздербанить целую страну совершенно самостоятельно, почти без участия США.
Как сказала президент Финляндии, демократия - это святое, но демократия, принесенная иностранными войсками на штыках - это сомнительно.
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"Давайте поиграем в книжную игру: расскажем о первом знакомстве с любимой книгой. Я понимаю, что любимых книг у вас много, но давайте вспомним самую интересную историю знакомства.
Правила игры просты.
1. Вы помещаете в своем дневнике рассказ о знакомстве с книгой, которая стала для вас значимой на многие годы.
2. Вы называете трех ПЧ, которые должны будут продолжить рассказ на своих дневниках"
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Пишет Svengaly:
Пишет ms. Mary Poppins:
сделать это я хотела очень давно. и наконец-то сделала.
исторический гороскоп
ворнинг: мат. мало попсовых. ручаюсь, что по максимуму историческими фактами подтверждено каждое слово.
овен
телец
близнецы
рак
лев
Дева
весы
скорпион
стрелец
Козерог
водолей
рыбы
URL записи
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